- Large bentonite resources in the world (number of existing reserves)
- First, I need to list the top countries with significant bentonite deposits. The US, especially Wyoming, is a big producer. Iran, China, and India also have large reserves. Russia, Turkey, and some European countries like Greece and Germany come to mind. Maybe Brazil and Mexico in Latin America too.
- Next, I should mention the estimated global reserves. From what I remember, it’s around 2.5 to 3 billion metric tons. But I need to check if these numbers are up to date. The user wants current data, so perhaps I should note that the figures are approximate as of 2023.
- Then, for each country, specify the regions. For the US, Wyoming’s sodium bentonite is key. China has Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. India’s Gujarat and Rajasthan. Russia’s Ural Mountains and Siberia. Turkey’s Ankara and Edirne. Greece’s Milos Island. Germany’s Bavaria. Brazil’s Paraíba and Bahia, Mexico’s San Luis Potosí.
- Also, it’s important to highlight the types of bentonites each region is known for, like sodium vs. calcium. The US and Turkey have high-swelling sodium bentonite, which is valuable for industrial uses. China and India have both types.
- I should structure the answer clearly, maybe using bullet points for countries and their regions. Add a section on global reserves and another on key points. Make sure to mention the leading producers and their specific deposits. Also, note the economic factors like mining activity and market demand influencing reserves.
- Need to keep the answer concise but informative, avoiding technical jargon. Ensure the user gets a clear overview of where bentonite is found, the types available, and the scale of reserves. Check for any recent data changes, but since I don’t have real-time updates, use the latest available info up to 2023. Finally, remind the user that exact figures can vary and are subject to discoveries or mining activities.
- How bentonite is formed in nature
- Bentonite is a type of natural clay formed from the alteration of volcanic ash and is mainly made of the mineral montmorillonite (from the smectite group).
- : Key Features
- Lamellar Structure: Ability to absorb water and swell (sodium: high swelling; calcium: lower swelling)
- Adhesion and Plasticity: Ability to be molded and glued in the presence of water
- Ion Adsorption: Ion exchange to remove impurities
- 4- Main Types of Bentonite:
- Sodium Bentonite: High swelling, used in well drilling, dam construction, and sealing.
- Calcium Bentonite: Low swelling, used in the foundry, oil refining, and agricultural industries
- Types of bentonites
Types of Bentonites (based on dominant exchangeable ions and applications):
- Sodium Bentonite (Swelling Bentonite):
– Dominant Ion: (Na⁺)
– Key Property: High swelling capacity (up to 15–20 times its dry volume when hydrated).
– Applications:
– Drilling industries: Primary component of drilling muds (lubricates and seals boreholes).
– Dam construction and waterlogging: Used in landfill liners, pond sealing, and waterproofing.
– Everyday uses: Cat litter, cosmetics (e.g., face masks).
- Calcium Bentonite (Non-Swelling Bentonite):
– Dominant Ion: (Ca²⁺)
– Key Property: Limited swelling capacity but high adsorption and plasticity.
– Applications:
– Casting: Binds sand in foundry molds.
– Purification: Clarifies oils, wines, and juices by removing impurities.
– Agriculture: Soil conditioner to retain moisture and nutrients.
- Potassium Bentonite (Illite):
– Dominant Ion: (K⁺)
– Key Property: Lower swelling compared to sodium bentonite.
– Applications:
– Mostly used in Ceramic manufacturing and as a minor component in agricultural amendments.
- Activated Bentonite (Acid-Activated):
– Process: Treated with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to enhance adsorption properties.
– Applications:
– Oil and grease purification: Removes contaminants in industrial processes.
– Food industries: Bleaching agent for edible oils.
- Organoclay (Organically Modified Bentonite):
–Process: Chemically modified with organic compounds (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts).
– Key Property: Hydrophobic (water-repellent) and compatible with organic polymers.
– Applications:
– Paint & plastic industry: Thickening agent in paints, coatings, and adhesives.
– Environmental: Absorbs oil and organic pollutants in spill cleanup.
- Non treated bentonite
This kind of bentonite is very special & is not available everywhere.
| Analyze tested by the lab
|
Non treated Bentonite
| Θ600 | Θ300 | PV | YP | Ratio YP/PV | |
| Sample 1 | 112 | 75 | 37 | 38 | 38/37 ≃ 1.03 |
| Sample2 | 121 | 82 | 39 | 43 | 43/39 ≃ 1.09 |
| Sample3 | 107 | 71 | 36 | 35 | 35/36 ≃ 0.97 |
| Sample4 | 103 | 68 | 35 | 33 | 33/35 ≃ 0.97 |
Client’s requirement
| Properties | Standard | API 10 |
| Yield point-plastic viscosity ratio | Maximum 1.5 | 1.07 |
| Dispersed plastic viscosity | Minimum 10 | 26 |
| Dispersed filtrate volume | Maximum 12.5mL | 9.2 |
Water loss test in untreated bentonite using API method
- Dissolve 22.5 grams of bentonite in 350 cc of distilled water and stir it with a mixer for 20 minutes.
Then:
- We put filter paper under a filter press machine for half an hour, applying a pressure of 100 PSA, and for half an hour, it starts to lose water.
- The water loss should be below 12.5 cc, which would be a good estimate, and the lower the better.
- Other Classifications:
– Natural vs. Processed:
–Natural: Mined directly (e.g., sodium or calcium bentonite).
– Processed: Enhanced for specific uses (e.g., activated, powdered, or granular forms).
– Based on color:
– White Bentonite: High purity, used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
– Yellow/Green Bentonite: Common in industrial applications.
Note: Sodium and calcium bentonite are the most commercially significant types, accounting for over 90% of global production.
- Safety Notes:
- Non-toxic and safe for industrial and health use, but its dust may cause movement.
- Sulphur Bentonite:
- Sulphur Bentonite is an absorbent aluminum phyllosilicate clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. Sulphur Bentonite, is a yellow brown pastille.
Market Analysis and Insights: Global Sulphur Bentonite Market
The global Sulphur Bentonite market was valued at US$ 161.1 million in 2020 and it is expected to reach US$ 277.7 million by the end of 2029, growing at a CAGR of 8.1% during 2021-2029.
Segment by Type:
Product Name: Sulphur Bentonite
Chemical Formula: S8
Sulphur-90%
Others (Sulphur-85% etc.)
Sulfur Content: 90% elemental sulfur content, providing a high-concentration sulfur source
Appearance: Spherical granules, typically yellow to brown, coated with bentonite
Segment by Application
Oilseeds
Cereals and Crops
Fruits and Vegetables
Others
Production by Region
United States, India, Middle East, South Korea, Australia, Iran, Uzbekistan
- Consumption by Region
North America, U.S., Canada, Europe, Germany, France, U.K, Italy, Russia, Asia-Pacific, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Iran, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Middle East & Africa, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E
API Certificate of Analysis for Bentonite for oil well drilling (Lab No: 956B)
Bentonite Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS)
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
super white bentonite
bentonite OCMA analyzeEYE: Abrasion injuries are possible if safety glasses are not worn. Eye contact with mineral sands may irritate with discomfort,
tearing, and blurring of vision.
SKIN: Abrasion injuries are possible during blasting operations or similar exposure, with high-velocity direct exposure to skin.
INGESTION: N/A
INHALATION: The product, as shipped, does not pose any inhalation health hazard because it contains essentially no particles in
the respirable size range. However, if during handling or use, the particles are broken down to a size that can be inhaled, the
dust may be harmful to the respiratory system.
MSDS: DuPont Starblast Ultra Blasting Abrasive: Page 2 of 4
CHRONIC EFFECTS: The predominant effect of overexposure to airborne quartz in humans is silicosis. Silicosis is a chronic disease
characterized by the formation of silica-containing scar tissue in the lungs with symptoms of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and
nonspecific respiratory ailments. Very high short exposures to crystalline silica may lead to fatality from gross overexposure. Individuals
with preexisting diseases of the lungs may have increased susceptibility to the toxicity of excessive exposures. Several recent
epidemiology studies have shown, that in addition to silicosis, there is limited evidence of an excess of lung cancer in occupations
involving exposures mainly to crystalline silica, such as stone cutters and granite industry workers. Occupational exposures at the
recommended AEL of 0.1 mg/m³ should protect workers from silicosis and lung tumors. Respiratory illness as a result of long-term
exposure to particulates is possible. NIOSH-approved particulate respirators should be used during blasting operations.
CARCINOGENICITY INFORMATION: The following components are listed by IARC, NTP, OSHA, or ACGIH as carcinogens.
FIRST-AID MEASURES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE
EYE: Irritation with discomfort, tearing, and blurring of vision
SKIN: Abrasion, redness
INGESTION: N/A
INHALATION: Coughing, shortness of breath
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
EYE: In case of contact, immediately flush your eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Call a physician.
SKIN: Follow procedures appropriate to abrasion injuries. The compound is not hazardous by skin contact, but removal of
particles and cleansing of the skin after use is advisable.
INGESTION: No specific intervention is indicated as the compound is not hazardous by ingestion. However, if symptoms occur,
consult a physician.
INHALATION: If inhaled, immediately remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. Call a physician.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES: Nonflammable
FLASH POINT / METHOD USED: None
AUTOIGNITION: None
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS (% by volume in air): LEL: N/A UEL: N/A
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: As appropriate for combustibles in the area.
NFPA RATINGS: Health 0; Flammability 0; Reactivity 0.
FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS: None
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: None
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS: Respiratory protection: NIOSH-approved respiratory equipment for abrasive blast environments or
when handling respirable dust. Personal protection: NIOSH-approved garments and headgear during blasting operations. See
Section 8. Wash thoroughly after handling. Note: Review FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES (Section 5) and HANDLING AND STORAGE
(Section 7) before proceeding with clean up. Use appropriate personal protective equipment during clean-up.
CLEANUP MEASURES: Sweep up the spillage.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
NORMAL STORAGE: General dry storage, ambient air temperature, and pressure.
HANDLING: Avoid breathing dust. Wash thoroughly after handling. If handling respirable dust (flour), use of gloves and washing
before eating, drinking, applying cosmetics, or smoking is advisable to minimize dust inhalation from hands.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
ENGINEERING CONTROLS: Use sufficient ventilation to keep employee exposure below the recommended limits. If using this product
as an abrasive blast agent in confined areas, airborne dust levels should be controlled by the physical enclosure of the abrasive blasting
operation. The enclosure should be exhaust ventilated by 29 CFR 1910.94 Ventilation (a) Abrasive Blasting.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: A NIOSH / MSHA-approved air purifying respirator with a particulate cartridge or canister may be
permissible under certain circumstances where airborne concentrations are expected to exceed exposure limits. The protection
provided by air-purifying respirators is limited. Use a NIOSH / MSHA-approved positive pressure air-supplied respirator if there is
any potential for an uncontrolled release, exposure levels are unknown, or any other circumstances where air-purifying respirators
may not provide adequate protection. For abrasive blasting use a continuous flow airline respirator covering the head, neck, and
shoulders to protect rebound abrasive per 29 CFR 1910.94 (a) (5).
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION: Wear safety glasses with side shields.
SKIN AND HAND PROTECTION: In handling, gloves as desired by the user. In use, wear impervious clothing, such as gloves, apron,
boots, or whole-body suit, as appropriate.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Reddish brown solid, free-flowing sand
ODOR: Odorless FLASH POINT: None
VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Hg): Not volatile VAPOR DENSITY (AIR = 1): Not volatile
BOILING POINT: N/A EVAPORATION RATE (BUTYL ACETATE = 1): Not volatile
MELTING POINT: 1370°C (2500°F) SOLUBILITY: Insoluble in water
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2O = 1): 3.7 pH: N/A
STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
CHEMICAL STABILITY: Stable
CONDITIONS TO AVOID: None
INCOMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS: None reasonably foreseeable
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Decomposition will not occur
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Polymerization will not occur
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
CARCINOGENICITY: If during handling or use, the particles are broken down to a size that can be inhaled, the dust may be
harmful to the respiratory system. Staurolite products may contain up to 5% quartz. The predominant effect of overexposure to
airborne respirable quartz in humans is silicosis. Silicosis is a chronic fibrotic lung disease characterized by the formation of
silica-containing scar tissue in the lungs with symptoms of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and nonspecific respiratory ailments.
Gross acute overexposure to quartz by inhalation may cause fatality. Epidemiological studies show that in addition to silicosis
there is limited evidence of excess lung cancer in occupations involving exposures mainly to respirable quartz, such as stone
cutters and granite industry workers.
LISTED CARCINOGEN BY: IARC, NTP
ANIMAL DATA: Quartz: Oral ALD: >11,000 mg/kg in male rats.
Quartz is not a skin irritant or a skin sensitizer in animals but is a mild eye irritant. Single doses of 50 mg quartz administered by
intratracheal instillation have resulted in pulmonary fibrosis at 60- and 120-days post-exposure in rats. Repeated and chronic
exposures as low as 0.7 mg instillation and 12 mg/m³ by inhalation resulted in pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, edema, and
emphysema in animals exposed to quartz. Lung tumors were observed in rats exposed for up to two years by inhalation to 12.4
or 51.6 mg/m³ quartz. Lung tumors were also observed in rats exposed to quartz by intratracheal instillation. Silica was positive
in mammalian cell cultures for cell transformation and chromosomal effects. It was negative in cell culture assays for gene
mutation in bacteria and DNA damage in mammalian cells and in a whole animal assay for chromosomal effects. No animal test
reports are available to define developmental, or reproductive toxicity.
DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal must be by applicable federal, state/provincial, and local regulations.
If approved, may be transferred to a land disposal site. If the spent grit contains contaminates at levels above those
specified under RCRA, then the waste is defined as hazardous and must be managed per federal or state regulations governing
hazardous waste.
Transport Information
DOT Classification: Not a DOT-controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Bentonite
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
Other Classifications:
- 5
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC): R36- Irritating to eyes.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear an appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.
Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/10/2005 08:14 PM
Last Updated: 06/11/2012 12:00 PM
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make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, concerning such information, and we assume
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Bentonite for Ceramic usage analyze
Packing in 1& 1.5 T jumbo bag
